Sophocles Antigone and Ibsens A Dolls House - 612 Words

In Sophocles’ Antigone and Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, both authors create women protagonists, Antigone and Nora, who challenge societies’ traditional expectations in different ways. Antigone defies and challenges the rules of her uncle and King of Thebes, Creon. Nora, on the other hand, goes against the norm of her society by first forging her father’s signature on a loan and deceiving her husband, Torvald. Although both Antigone and Nora’s societies possess similarities regarding a woman’s place and purpose, they both rebel against a woman’s societal expectations in substantially different ways with the similar pure motives, which as a result leads to two different freeing conclusions. All literary criticism is expressed through genuinely different opinions of a piece of literature because it is from another person’s point of view. Many critics argue differing theories regarding Antigone and Nora’s motives for making great sacrifices in order to escape oppression and challenge the rule of man resulting in their different denouements. Frank Bernhard makes his own criticized interpretation of Antigone’s motives, â€Å"we could interpret Antigones remarkable lack of interest in her fiancà © [and cousin], Haemon, as an attempt to disengage herself from the incest of her familys past†¦That would explain Antigones recurrent death wish that culminates in her suicide by hanging† (Bernhard 170). Lorraine Markotic criticizes Nora’s motives arguing that, â€Å"Nora does not really want to disruptShow MoreRelatedComparison of A Dolls House and Antigone1248 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom ‘The Empowered Woman’ by Sonny Carroll In my mind, Sonny Carroll’s poem perfectly represents what an empowered woman should be; firm, determined and able to stand on her own feet. The characters of Nora and Antigone, from Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’ and Sophocles’ ‘Antigone’ respectively, completely fit my description of ‘the empowered woman’. As inspiring figures, they left me wondering how they maintained their identities even in their patriarchal societies. What touched my heart theRead More Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House1456 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House   Ã‚  Ã‚   There have always been fundamental differences between the mentalities of the male and female sexes. At one time, women were considered as a possession of the father or husband. Women were denied participation in public life, they had restricted access to education, and they werent legally allowed to own property. This oppression of women did not prevent them from fighting for, and obtaining, equal rights.   It seems thatRead More A Comparison of Antigone and A Dolls House Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities in  Antigone and A Dolls House    Ibsens A Dolls House has been called the first modern play. The play was considered revolutionary because it broke several molds which had endured for centuries. Incredibly, much of what was considered revolutionary first appeared in Sophocles play, Antigone - one of the first plays in existence.    In merely looking at the surface, one notices right away that both plays are significant in that they avoid the social temptation ofRead MoreComparison Of Antigone And The Dolls House1400 Words   |  6 PagesAnother theme that prevails in both the plays is power. It is exactly what the two characters Creon and Helmer in both the plays namely Antigone and the Dolls house had. Creons tyrannical power on a macro scale as a ruler with Helmers high handed treatment of his wife on a micro level as head of a family is to be discussed in this essay. Both men come across as misogynists. Their quickness to judge and judge harshly seems to be emphasized in both cases. Creon is shown with diverse relationsRead More Literary Analysis of Feminism Seen in Antigone and A Doll’s House1963 Words   |  8 Pages Susan B. Anthony once said, â€Å"The true republic: men, their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less.† In the plays Antigone, by Sophocles, and A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, strong women overcome restrictions and limitations placed upon them by their society and gender. In Antigone, Antigone chooses to defy Creon, her ruler, uncle, and a male authority figure, to support what she believes is right, which is burying her brother and respecting the gods. Though it was forbiddenRead MoreJane Austens Novel Sense and Sensibility: An Analysis1492 Words   |  6 Pageswith other authors like Woolf. Similarly, Austens novel Sense and Sensibility offers no social criticism. Austen does not critique patriarchy; she simply celebrates it, even if she does present life from a female point of view. Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House show how the patriarchal marriage institution turns women into non-entities, treated like little dolls just as the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper is treated by her husband. Patriarchal marriage is a farce, and is a fragile version ofRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 PagesMa. Jennifer S. Yap Dr. Sherwin Perlas World Literature January 14, 2012 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen Translated by Rolf Fjelde I. Introduction During the late nineteenth century, women were enslaved in their gender roles and certain restrictions were enforced on them by a male dominant culture. Every woman was raised believing that they had neither self-control nor self-government but that they must yield to the control of a stronger gender. John Stuart Mill wrote in his essay, â€Å"The Subjection

Taught Me Purple Literary Analysis - 945 Words

Tragedies affect each and every family differently from the next. The way you respond to them and deal with them, paves the way for how relationships turn out. In the play Death of a Salesman, the real tragedy is the way Willy puts on a facade to his family, and to himself, regarding his success as a salesman. In the poem Taught Me Purple, the real tragedy is that the mother was able to teach the child many things, but could not teach some of the most important values in life, such as self respect and dignity. The tragedies in both of these works affect the relationships between Willy and Biff, and the mother and author in Taught Me Purple, similarly because both tragedies revolve around the yearning for achieving the â€Å"American Dream† and†¦show more content†¦If Willy was as liked and successful as he puts on to be, it is very likely the family would not have to stress that much about money. This false perception that Willy has of his life begins to affect his r elationship with people in his family, especially his eldest son Biff. When Biff was younger he and Willy had a strong relationship. Willy was very proud of his son in regards to his athletics and believed that he would one day become very successful. Biff, as an adult, did not fully meet his fathers expectations as he remained jobless for an extended period of time. Willy is very disappointed in Biff and resents him for not meeting his expectations, becoming one of the things, including Biff knowing about his fathers affairs, that caused a large strain in their relationship. Willy knows deep down that he did not achieve the american dream and he is disappointed because he believes Biff is following in his footsteps and will not achieve it either. In the poem Taught Me Purple, the context of the poem is about a single mother and her daughter living in an urban, lower class, community. The mother, works hard to provide for her and her daughter and along the way teaches her daughter m any different lessons. â€Å" My mother taught me golden And held me up to see it, Above the broken molding, Beyond theShow MoreRelatedEssay on British Literature Lesson Reflection1376 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst the aim, then the materials (Nunan 1995, 40). Nevertheless I was compromised with two apparently opposed guidelines: of course, the need to base the lesson on British Literature pieces and this ICELT task (C3-1) that requires that vocabulary is taught. Aside from that, there is another difficulty; my students are one week away from their graduation. Obviously, their energy and motivation is not on their learning experience anymore but on their prom (See Appendix 1). Therefore, it was imperativeRead MoreMens Rea The Writing Style and Feminism of Lakambini Sitoy7010 Words   |  29 Pages 3 Literary Research Methodology Method of Literary Research Used 14 Sources of Data 14 Verbal Data-Gathering Process 14 Phase I – Analysis of the Main Characters 15 Phase II – Instances of Symbolism 15 Phase III – Instances of Figurative Language 16 Phase IV – Background, Influences, and 16 Motivations of Sitoy as a Filipina Writer Phase V – Sitoy’s Writing Style 17 4 Data Presentation, Analysis, andRead MoreSubject Object Constitution Of Pre Raphaelite Compositions : Binary Or Hierarchy?1692 Words   |  7 Pagesportray art with vivid realism and scientific fidelity? Their art came in the form of a revolution against the â€Å"sterile tradition† of painting â€Å"the eternal brown cows and ditches, white sails, sliced lemons and foolish faces† which they were also taught to emulate in the Royal Academy. But is it also important to mention that the Pre- Raphaelite brotherhood was equally interested in literature and poetry as much as in visual art. The term â€Å"Pre- Raphaelites† came into existence because they upturnedRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagesas Bronte also struggled to come to terms with balancing her feelings and freedom. It has also been pointed out that Bertha Mason is Charlotte Bronte. Both did not get to go out, failed to find love, and expressed themselves in unorthodox ways. Literary Period: Victorian Produced: October 16, 1847 Published: Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill Country where written: England Setting Location: Gateshead, Lowood School, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean Time Period: Early 1900s Weather if relevant TheRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesUniversity of Leiden 14 June 2012 Department: Language and Culture of China Course: Visual Political Communication (BA3) Semester: Summer Semester 2011/2012 Lecturer: Florian Schneider Journey to the West A Textual-Visual Discourse Analysis Name: Stefan Ruijsch (Student No. 0620203) Major: Chinese Studies, BA 3 E-mail: s.ruijsch@umail.leidenuniv.nl Phone: 06-48369645 Address: Vrijheidslaan 256, 2321 DP Leiden Word Count: 9,387 Table of Contents pageRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesman in his profound incompetence to judge others; humor: the intoxicating relativity of human things; the strange pleasure that comes of the certainty that there is no certainty.† Milan Kundera, Testaments Betrayed (1995), 9, 32-33. â€Å"When people ask me if theres an afterlife, I answer, ‘If I knew, I would tell you.’† Art Buchwald,  Too Soon to Say Goodbye (2006), 29. ——————————————— â€Å"I can’t imagine a wise old person who can’t laugh.† So said psychologist Erik Erikson, and many wisdom researchersRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 PagesMalfi, focuses on the representation of the theme of love and marriage in the Malfi court, and the social conflicts to which it gives rise. The unit guides you through the first part of the play and will help you to develop your skills of textual analysis. This unit focuses mainly on Acts 1 and 2 of the play. You should make sure that you have read these two acts of the play before you read the unit. The edition of the play that is used in this unit is the Pearson Longman (2009) edition, edited byRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesfew concerned parents (Coletti 1987:421-426; Gray 1989a:151-153, 1989b:6-8; Kaufman 1986:228-231; McDonald 1988a:302-106; Roldan 1987:222-231). Tipper Gore, wife of current Vice-President and then Senator of Tennessee Albert Gore, bought the album Purple Rain by Prince for her then 11-year old daughter. She was shocked to find out that one of the songs on the album, Darling Nikki, contained a reference to female masturbation. The same Prince song was also listened to by the daughter of free-lance

Blind Side (Healthy Family Relationships) Free Essays

Blind Side (healthy family relationships) What makes a healthy family? Well in the movie † The Blinde Side† it depicts the importance of family, and what parents need to do in order to raise a happy, healthy family. Leah Anne Touhy a mother of the memphis family took strong effort in changing Michael Oher, a troublesome kid’s life for the better. Leah brought Michael into the family as one of their own. We will write a custom essay sample on Blind Side (Healthy Family Relationships) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leah then saw that Michael Oher, was born into a family of 12, was held back 2 years in elementary school and had a horrible education record with a . 6 GPA. Leah knowing these factors decided to adopt Michael and raise him to become the American football player of the Ravens he is today. This was only accomplished by the efforts of commitment and communication which was used throughout the entire movie. Through the entire movie the Tuohy family used efforts of commitment and communication to change not only Michael’s life but their own too. It started with the introduction of Leah Tuohy’s son, S. J. to Michael who happily greeted himself. S. J. showed confidence in himself to let Michael know that you should smile. Later on Michael was found wandering the streets in the night cold when Leah Anne and her family were driving home from a play that her son was in. Leah Anne being the compassionate person she is stopped the car and got out to confront Michael and offered him a stay at their warm house for the night, Michael had no other place to go so he took it. Leah Anne set up a bed for him and made him comfortable. The next morning Michael was on his way to leave but Leah Anne stopped him in his tracks and brought him back in. This showed Leah Anne’s caring for other people. It happened to be thanksgiving that day and the family was huddled around the couch watching tv while Michael was eating off in the dining room. Leah Anne quickly observed this and brought everyone to the dining table so that all of them would celebrate thanksgiving as a family including Michael. During the Thanksgiving dinner Leah Anne offered Michael shopping so that he could feel comfortable in clothes other than his own 2 pairs of shirts and shorts. On the trip there Leah Anne stopped the car to get a eye-to-eye conversation showing that she takes great care in finding out Michaels past and how she can help him for the better. One night Leah Anne asked a simple question to Michael, if he wanted to stay? Michael responded † I don’t like anywhere else† and sure enough she turned the guest room into a comfortable place for Michael with a bed, that he had never had before. Michael was improving his grades and now able to play on the football team, in celebration the Tuohy family went to diner. As they arrived Leah Anne had to run a quick errand to the Library and they found an old book that was read to the children when they were younger. After the dinner and went home Leah Anne read that book â€Å"Ferdinand the bold† to both S. J. and Michael in a heartwarming bond with the daughter over behind the door listening carefully and cherishing and old time story that was told to her. Later Leah Anne was in bed with her husband expressing her happiness and that it was because of Michael. She goes on to talk about how she influenced by the change in michael that she wants to have charities for people in Michael’s condition. Slowly they wander off into sexual intercourse showing that as well as Leah Anne’s responsibilities she still has time to express her inner feelings with her husband. Michael, never having a photo ID before asks Leah Anne if he could get a driver’s license not just for the driving but for an identification of himself. Leah Anne agrees and takes him to the DMV when they run into a problem. Michael has no name registered for himself and Leah Anne comes up with an idea that changes everything. Leah Anne then talks to her husband about the issue of adopting Michael into the family. They communicate with their ideas about this and share their feelings toward it as well. They come to decide together happily that its best if they adopt Michael since he’s already a part of the family as it is. Leah Anne goes to an office that deals with legal guardians and finds that she just needs to go before a court and get permission from a judge to adopt. She is startled in that she doesn’t need to confront the mother and decides it’s the right thing to do. She confronts the mother and she tries to make the situation comfortable as possible letting Michaels mom know that she wants to adopt Michael. Michaels mom slowly takes in the idea and accepts. The family then has a family meeting where they discus what’s going on and they finally bring on the idea to Michael that they want to adopt him and he happily accepts saying aren’t I already part of the family. From these commitments and communication comes many learning’s and values. This shows that a little bit of kindness can go a long way. The efforts from Leah Anne Tuohy changed Michael Oher’s life for the better. It started with a simple stay at their own home to adopting and taking care of Michael himself. Not only that the family came closer together than before and in result a happier healthier family as well. The communication within the family was already strong and with the addition of Michael their communication became one. The family changed the life of Michael Oher, but Michael Oher changed the families lives forever. How to cite Blind Side (Healthy Family Relationships), Essays

Victims Low Levels Of Social Interactions †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Victims Low Levels Of Social Interactions? Answer: Introducation Autism is a mental disorder, long term in nature which is diagnosed in young children of ages as low as one and three years old. It is a pervasive disorder in the course of development in children and it is characterized by poor communication methods, being extremely unresponsive to other children and adults, having a rigid behavior and being highly repetitive (Kenny et al., 2016). The pervasive development disorder is a form of the autism spectrum in which in which the victims have low levels of social interactions, unnecessary response to varied stimuli in the environment in which they live in and poor communication methods. This paper will cover several aspects related to autism such as etiology, history, causes, and treatment. Based on the Statistical Manual on Mental disorders part 4, impairments in terms of social interactions and communication problems observed by autism children are lack of eye to eye contact, inability to use gestures as a form of non-verbal communication an d lack of nonverbal behaviors among others. In other cases, the autism children are unable to form peer relationships with their colleagues, while they also indicate a repetitive behavior in their activities (Case-Smith et al., 2015). These repetitive behaviors include the continued preoccupation with some restricted pattern of activities and motor manners such as twisting hands or flapping fingers. For children below the age of three years, there is an observable delay in the development such as the language, participating in imaginative plays, understanding symbols and social interaction with the people around them. Historical perspective The autism disorder was first described by a Swiss psychiatric and psychologist Bleuler Eugene. In this case, autism has been described as a basic disturbance in schizophrenia such that an individual is withdrawn from the social life. On the basis of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of mental disorders, the spectrum of autism disorder is composed of childhood disintegration, pervasive development disorder, autism disorder, Asperger disorder, and Rett disorder. The reports from clinicians indicate that the symptoms of autism disorders begin to be observed at around eighteen months during childhood days (Brunsdon Happ, 2014). One of the criteria used to detect the possibility of autism by clinicians on children is the use of language. This criterion is more specific because it is easy to detect an abnormal verbal or nonverbal form of communication. Some of the common indicators using language criteria are the body posture, eye to eye contact, use of gestures and much more during a social interaction session. There are varied causes of autism but they vary from place to place, and one person to another, although other causes may be common (Talkowski et al., 2014). Although iodine deficiency is a known cause of autism, this condition has also been known to be both genetic as well as hereditary. Food which is deficient of iodine causes low IQ, cretinism and other negative effects to the growing fetus. In other cases, pregnant women who do not give their bodies enough time to heal may lead to the birth of the next child being with an autism disorder (Alexandra, 2015). There is a close association which exists between iodine deficiency in the diet and the development of low attention and hyperactivity, especially in the United States. Considering the fact that iodine deficiency is at a marginal state in most families, exposure of children or expectant mothers to anti-thyroid materials like organochlorines, and tobacco smoke lower a number of thyroid hormones. This leads to the development of hypothyroxinemia which in turn causes the birth of autism children. Although autism was reported in the 20th century, it has been on the rise even throughout the 21st century. It is also important to note that in the United States, the African Americans and Hispanic males are the highest groups with autism children. Gender differences It is clear that there are more males than females who are affected by autism disorder. While there is no clear reason for the gender split in autism, it is clear that the women are less affected because they have better verbal skills while men have visuospatial skills. Diagnosis of autism nowadays in relation to the previous decades There is an increase in the number of children suffering from autism in this decade as compared to the previous decade. This is true especially due to the observed increase in the incidence, that is the number of diagnosed cased per year as well as the prevalence, which is the sum of the affected people in the overall population suffering from autism in the previous half century. While various studies have reported increasing diagnoses of autism from year to year, it is apparent that these cases are on the rise. The most recent accepted prevalence is that in every one hundred people, one of them suffers autism (The conversation, 2011). However, the severity of this condition varies from time to time and with the individuals. For instance, sometimes back, autism was referred as infantile autism, because the diagnosis was based on the child demonstrating low and slow language development process. However, with time, it has been found that autism affected children may present some symptoms that are less severe and hence the need for the development of other diagnostic methods like pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. It is also worth noting that there has been an observable rise in the cases of the infantile autism for the last two decades, meaning that there is a broad gap in terms of the diagnostic methods. This clearly means that there are some people who previously were categorized into a certain diagnostic banner but currently, they are receiving the primary diagnosis for autism. The increase in the current high cases of diagnosis as opposed to the previous decade are due to the fact that there are modern methods that have been developed to screen whole populations and are thus very sensitive in the identification of the autism affected people. Genetic causes of autism There is a close association of autism with genetics especially through the involvement of the de novo mutations (Toriello, 2016). Some of these mutations may be passed from parents to the children while others just arise spontaneously. For instance, the effects of recessive genes in the development of autism disorders have been explored. These recessive genes are passed from one generation to another although their effects are only found in case a person inherits two copies of identical genes, that is one from each of the parents (Nadesan, 2013). The recessive mutations in the inherited genes thus destroy the normal functions of a gene. In other cases, the risks of genetic causes of the development of autism make the inherited mutations to cause a partial loss of gene roles. When the roles of the partially disabled mutations have altered this results in a total loss of the functions of a gene (Ronemus et al., 2014). accounting the most common genetic disorders that are linked to aut ism disorder is the fragile X syndrome. While the level of inheritance characteristics is high in autism, the manner in which inheritance takes place is still not clear (Chen et al., 2015). Sometimes, there may be multiple interactions of genes and several loci predispose one individual to autism as opposed to the other. There are some methods used to determine the inheritance methods of autism. Use of cytogenetic studies through molecular biology are used to determine the de novo problems in the chromosomes among individuals or families (Gooney Isere, 2013). The use of whole genomes makes it possible to make a prediction on the exact location of the disease. In other cases, the structural differences on the chromosomes involving the copy number can be used in the study of the development of autism in genetics. Diagnosis using the DSM 5 There are changes which take place when making a diagnosis of the autism disorders in the context of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder for DSM 5. This has enormous results and benefits especially for psychologists when evaluating the children affected by autism (Esler Ruble, 2015). The adoption of DSM 5 from the previously used diagnostic methods has led to the elimination of subthreshold categories as well as high-level reliance on instruments in providing the validity of data. However, this method has specific issues related to making decisions and revision on how best to evaluate this criterion (Volkmar Reichow, 2013). Some valuable advantages of DSM 5 that are very useful in autism diagnosis include the enhanced description of the level of disorders as well as the use of combined dimensions. Treatment methods For parents whose children have been diagnosed with autism disorders, it is paramount for them to seek interventions early enough. These interventions include speech as well as occupational therapy, which is commonly offered in special schools and hospitals respectively. However, this strategy requires that the parents find out the behaviors of their children so that they can know the specific needs that they require or are deficient. For instance, a parent might consider things like the anti-social behaviors, the amount of words that the child can speak at a certain age and the nonverbal communication capabilities (Pellicano et al., 2014). As the autism affected child develops, there are times when the child may develop aggressive behaviors, indicating a need to seek treatment as early as possible. Other recommended treatment options for autism disorders include supplementing foods with vitamins and minerals, use of exclusive diets and use of heavy metal ions chelation methods. Prevention strategies Generally, there is no approved method of preventing autism disorders, more so when its etiology is considered. However, when it is diagnosed early, there could be higher chances of improving this condition by seeking early interventions which in turn prevent the condition from further development (Croen et al., 2015). Considering the arguments that autism is genetic and hereditary, then it would be important if spouses get to understand their genetics as well as family history preferably before they get married. Other strategies would involve seeking less exposure to chemicals, alcohol, and tobacco smoke. All in all, the preferred autism prevention method is getting to fully understand the condition, through communal or individual education and understanding one's family background on the basis of this disorder. While autism is described as knowing no family, level of income, race or ethnic group, high prevalence are found in African Americans as well as Hispanic men. Conclusion It is thus clear that autism disorders affect children and have grave consequences. In the United States, it has been found that less of the Latin American have this condition while high prevalence is found among the Hispanics and African American men. Of great importance is that the parents need to have their children diagnosed early enough so that they can commence the treatment methods. Some of the notable symptoms include delayed speech, antisocial behaviors, and others. It is also true that parents who have children suffering from autism spend so much time giving them attention and in many cases may tend to live in denial. At this point, it is crucial to focus on seeking treatment such as in special schools which offer occupational therapy and speech therapy. Moreover, the parents need also to join support groups that best understand their conditions. Understanding the family history in terms of the possibility of autism disorders is also important before partners decide to marr y so as to avoid having any of their off springs from suffering from this disorder. References Alexandra, S., (2015). This may explain the rise in autism diagnoses. Retrieved from https://time.com/3652619/autism-diagnosis/ Brunsdon, V. E., Happ, F. (2014). Exploring the fractionationof autism at the cognitive level. Business, 18(1), 17-30. Case-Smith, J., Weaver, L. L., Fristad, M. A. (2015). A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19(2), 133-148. Chen, J. A., Peagarikano, O., Belgard, T. G., Swarup, V., Geschwind, D. H. (2015). The emerging picture of autism spectrum disorder: genetics and pathology. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 10, 111-144. Croen, L. A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., Rich, S., Sidney, S., Kripke, C. (2015). The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 814-823. Esler, A. N., Ruble, L. A. (2015). DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder with implications for school psychologists. International Journal of School Educational Psychology, 3(1), 1-15. Gooney, E., Isere, E. (2013). Genetic and environmental factors in autism. In Recent Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorders-Volume I. InTech. Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckley, C., Povey, C., Pellicano, E. (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20(4), 442-462. Nadesan, M. H. (2013). Autism and genetics profit, risk, and bare life. In Worlds of Autism: Across the Spectrum of Neurological Difference. University of Minnesota Press. Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A., Charman, T. (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom. Autism, 18(7), 756-770. Ronemus, M., Iossifov, I., Levy, D., Wigler, M. (2014). The role of de novo management in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 15(2), 133. Talkowski, M. E., Minikel, E. V., Gusella, J. F. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder genetics: diverse genes with diverse clinical outcomes. Harvard review of psychiatry, 22(2), 65-75. The conversation, (2011). Do more children have autism now than before?. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/do-more-children-have-autism-now-than-before-4497 Toriello, H. V. (2016). Autism and Genetics. In Health Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities across the Lifespan (pp. 713-721). Springer International Publishing. Veronica, M., (2013). New research investigates inherited causes of autism. Retrieved from https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/4624 Volkmar, F. R., Reichow, B. (2013). Autism in DSM-5: progress and challenges. Molecular autism, 4(1), 13

Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPC)

Introduction The Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) have the mandate of preparing and maintaining detailed emergency plans as stated in the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). Since the year 1987, the state emergency response commission (SERC), as stated in the Connecticut General Statutes’ Section 22a-601 (b) (DEMHS 1), created local planning districts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Emergency Planning Committee’s (LEPC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Upon recognizing that towns and cities are vulnerable to numerous threats and disasters such as ice storms, aircraft accidents, hurricanes, forest fires, earthquakes, and tornadoes, the Local Emergency Planning Committee prepares for these emergencies besides making appropriate plans to deal with them in the event of their occurrence (SERC 1). The paper looks at the components of LEPT, meetings, and the existi ng plans in the town of New London. It also evaluates the possible change suggestions and improvements for the plan. Components of the LEPC The management of the LEPT consists of the Chief Executive Officer who is charged with the management of significant emergencies, resource mobilization, and ordering of any evacuations from the disaster. The assistant to the chief executive officer is the â€Å"Emergency Management Director who has the task of managing and organizing the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)† (SERC 1). He/she also serves in establishing communication within EOC, departmental coordination, and coordinating emergency plans. The third member of the committee is the fire leader (superior fire leader-in-charge). He or she is responsible for the determination of any areas vulnerable to catastrophes that need evacuation. He/she may also order any evacuations as deemed necessary (DEMHS 1). The emergency management communication officer is responsible for coordinating radio communications in the EOC in response to disasters. Other members represent the various departments involved with emergency response including the fire department, police department, EOO manager, public works department, emergency management director, public information officer, and health and medical coordinator. The response further includes communications coordinator, warning coordinators, evacuation coordinator, shelter/mass care coordinator, resource manager, town attorney, superintendent of schools, treasurer, military department, volunteer organizations, private utility companies, animal care, and control coordinator among other tasked organizations (SERC 5).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meetings An annual review of the local emergency planning committee’s emergency plan is followed according to the regional guidelines. This keeps emergency response plans for the town up-to-date. The LEPC meets once after every two months with the main meeting taking place annually when the strategies and plans are reviewed. Members are also elected with reports on preparedness and financing alongside normal business being made (DEMHS 1). The last update in the emergency response plan was made a year ago in the annual meeting with the members unanimously agreeing on the changes. Personal opinions The disaster preparedness team is a necessary department in any modernized society in the light of the experience in disasters and emergencies. The United States and the state of Connecticut in particular are susceptible to accidents and natural disasters especially forest fires. In the past episodes, there have been losses of life that could have been prevented in the presence of adequate disaster preparedness. The opportunity is now present with the establishment of LEPC especially that of New London. The organization should however be objective in its plans and strategies with proper definition of the various roles to be played. Limitations and Suggestions The elaborate plans made by the LEPC are adequate. They will prove effective should a disaster occur. However, there is a little knowledge on the existence of the body among the citizens with most of them being oblivious of the safety measures in the case of a disaster. This seems evident in the previous response in disasters in the recent past. There is also no clear demarcation of the roles of the various members especially on who is responsible for major decisions on the evacuations between the fire department and the Chief Executive Officer. Despite the above shortfalls, the body has effectively laid down strategies, which are simplistic and easy to follow. Minimum possible resources are planned for with a true reflection of the real situation in disasters. The communication department is effective in communicating changes to the departments involved with various drills being evident especially in the police department.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local Emergency Planning Committee’s (LEPC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given the opportunity to lead the committee, my role would be championing for awareness, disaster preparedness, and response to disasters among the residents of the town. This would involve more adverts, posters, booklets, and setting up of more drills in public places and buildings. A law on safety requirements for various public areas is also required. The committee is a good body/instrument that can champion this matter. Lead agency for Hazardous Materials The efficient handling of hazardous materials within the town falls under the LEPC (SERC 3). The fire section is charged with the responsibility of separating, steadying, and controlling occurrences of risky stuffs until their proper elimination and dumping. Actions involved include evacuatio n and other measures relevant in protecting the town’s inhabitants from the hazards (SERC 1). In the event of a hazardous material accident, the person serving as the senior-fire-officeholder-in-charge is responsible for giving directions in the scene of the accident. The other person serving the same role is the municipal fire chief as stated in Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act (EPCRA) (DEMHS 4). The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) â€Å"under the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC), as specified under Title 22a, Chapter 446e, has the responsibility of planning for any material incidents in the community† (SERC 1). It therefore stands out as a crucial body that defines the effectiveness of any actions taken in this kind of an emergency. Fire Department role The fire department has a central role in LEPC. Its preparedness is crucial in any disaster management. In the occurrence of a catastrophe, the section ships vehicles, workforce, and instrumentation to the place of the disaster. When an EOC is activated during an emergency, the department also sends a representative to aid in planning and management.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also briefs the EOC on the situation on the ground (SERC 12). The fire department â€Å"manages the rescue operations in the scene, determines the need for evacuations, and directs fire operations and the resources available† (SERC 13). The department is also responsible for protecting those at risk from the disaster by evacuating them to safer grounds. It also briefs all the other responsible organizations on the dangers involved especially during the emergency operations. Conclusion The Local Emergency Planning Committee is charged with the responsibility of planning adequately before disasters and emergencies. The membership and roles are defined in each locality with the various members involved having defined functions. The disaster preparedness in the town is adequate with improvements needed in the public sensitization methods. Works Cited DEMHS. Model Local Emergency Operations Plan, 2012. Web. https://portal.ct.gov/DEMHS/Emergency-Management/Resources-For-Official s/Planning-For-All-Hazards/LEOP/Local-Emergency-Operations-Plan-Resources SERC. Local Emergency Planning Committees, 2012. Web. https://www.ct.gov/serc/cwp/view.asp?a=2591Q=315312 This essay on Local Emergency Planning Committee’s (LEPC) was written and submitted by user Aiyana Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thugs or Thuggees of India

Thugs or Thuggees of India The Thugs or Thuggees were organized gangs of criminals in India who preyed upon trade caravans and wealthy travelers.   They operated like a secret society, and often reportedly included otherwise respectable members of society.   The leader of a Thuggee group was called a jemadar, a term that means essentially boss-man.   Thugs would meet travelers along the road and befriend them, sometimes camping and traveling with them for several days.   When the time was right, the Thugs would strangle and rob their unsuspecting travel companions, burying the bodies of their victims in mass graves not far from the road, or throwing them down wells. The Thugs may have come into existence as early as the 13th century CE. Although members of the group came from both Hindu and Muslim backgrounds, and all different castes, they shared in the worship of the Hindu goddess of destruction and renewal, Kali. Murdered travelers were considered as offerings to the goddess.   The killings were highly ritualized; the Thugs did not want to spill any blood, so they usually strangled their victims with a rope or a sash. A certain percentage of the stolen goods would also be donated to a temple or shrine honoring the goddess. Some men passed down the rituals and secrets of the Thugs to their sons.   Other recruits would apprentice themselves to established Thug masters, or gurus, and learn the trade in that way.   Occasionally, young children who were accompanying a victim would be adopted by the Thug clan and trained in the ways of the Thugs, as well. It is quite strange that some of the Thugs were Muslim, given the centrality of Kali in the cult.   In the first place, murder is forbidden in the Quran, excepting only lawful executions:   Do not kill a soul that God has made sacrosanct... Whosoever kills a soul, unless it be for murder or for wreaking corruption in the land, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind.   Islam is also very strict about there being only one true God, so making human sacrifices to Kali is extremely un-Islamic. Nonetheless, both Hindu and Muslim Thugs continued to prey upon travelers in what is now India and Pakistan through the nineteenth century.   British colonial officials during the British Raj in India were horrified by the depredations of the Thugs, and set out to suppress the murderous cult. They set up a special police force specifically to hunt the Thugs, and publicized any information about Thuggee movements so that travelers would not be taken unawares. Thousands of accused Thugs were arrested.   They would be executed hanging, jailed for life, or sent into exile. By 1870, most people believe that the Thugs had been destroyed. The word Thug comes from the Urdu thagi, which is taken from the Sanskrit sthaga meaning scoundrel or cunning one. In southern India, the Thugs are also known as Phansigar, signifying strangler or user of a garotte, after their favorite method of dispatching their victims.

Company Analysis - Methanol Chemicals Company PLC Research Paper

Company Analysis - Methanol Chemicals Company PLC - Research Paper Example In general, the company is engaged mainly in the manufacture of methanol of premium grade like formaldehyde. The company has earned a reputation of being a world class company. It has also earned a reputation as dependable and a quality manufacturer that possess very sophisticated logistical support and marketing system. The company is committed to advance in its leading position in the manufacture of chemicals by the way it undertakes its investments and this will be achieved by intensified research and development and with the production of tailor made products which will be made to meet the specific needs of the customers. To remain competitive in the market, the company also plans to increase its methanol capacity to the production capacity of231,000 tons a year. Industry overview and competitive positioning Methanol Chemicals Company PLC operates in a manufacturing industry where it manufactures agricultural fertilizers, solvents, pharmaceuticals, laminates for the wood industry and various types of concrete admixtures. The company offers diversified products with 26 different products in more than 50 countries across the globe, which provides profitability and flexibility for the company. The company has performed well financially in the past years and this is provided by the sustained economic growth and profitable operations which have been experienced in the company. The company operates in a very competitive environment but it has been able to gain competitive advantage over all its competitors, making it a global leader in the industry. The existing economic environment had a huge impact on the performance of the industry. That is, the existing economic growth in Saudi Arabia has led to an increase in the company performance with high profits resulting from increased economies of scale. Investment summary The performance of the company has been increasing in terms of investment for the last five years. This is given by the increase in the amount of s hareholder value in the five year period. The company seems to have acquired investor confidence and this has made the company to be in a position of trading 2,116,530 shares in the last three months which were trading at a price of 2.43 per share. The company has also recorded an increase in shareholders’ equity, the share capital, share premium, statutory reserve and retained earnings for the last five years – a clear indication that the company has had high investor confidence which has made the investors heavily invest in the company (Brown and Reilly, 2012). Valuation The company uses market value as its valuation technique. This method is applicable for quoted companies only and is determined by multiplying the quoted share prices and the number of issued shares. This valuation method takes into consideration the perception of the investors on the performance of the company and the capabilities of the management in delivering a return on their investments. For ex ample, the market value of the company by the end of the first quarter of 2012 was 66,380,450 with a market capitalization of 2,116,530 – a clear indication that the company was performing better in the market (Pendlebury and Roger, 2004). Financial analysis There have been fluctuations of the performance of the company during the last five years. This is indicated by the fluctuations in the company’s current ratio, profit margin, solvency ratio, price earning ratio, return on assets and

Select a topic from EITHER (i) social justice, OR (ii) God's Essay

Select a topic from EITHER (i) social justice, OR (ii) God's existence, OR (iii) death and meaning in life. Which thinker or p - Essay Example The 15-year old fictional character has viewed the relationship between the two as necessary for the point of appreciation. In her thoughts, one cannot appreciate life if death does not exist to be the human race’s inevitable end. On the other hand, Sophie thought that one could not think of death alone without having realised how great it is to live (Gaarder, 1994). These contentions offer a thought-provoking exploration in taking both death and the meaning of life into perspective. This paper then explores the presence of thoughts regarding death and the meaning of life. In so doing, thinkers in the field of philosophy are examined and later reduced to a list of whom this paper think offers the best arguments and conclusions as per the matter concerned. The selection of such philosophers is consequently justified. Life and the Minds that Explored its Meaning Beginning to explore the meaning of life is in itself broad and complicated. If three persons are inquired upon with t hat question, it is highly likely that the person asking would get three unique interpretations. It then comes as less surprising when philosophers in the day have to offer different perspectives of their own. If one would even think of it, philosophers--no matter which timeline he/she belongs to--attempts to unravel the meaning of life in his/her own angle. As an illustration, the schools of thought of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle could be accounted for as one unique quest from the other. First, many would attribute Socrates to be among the thinkers responsible for the founding what is now known as the philosophy of the Western culture (Long, 1988). This form of recognition stems from the philosopher’s notoriety in being provocative of many ideas, questioning the society’s status quo, and stirring the thoughts of the youth during his time. These ideologies were Socrates’ form of investigating on the meaning of life. Although not an outright move, it was his w ay of challenging society’s thoughts on what is the meaning of life for them. Consequently, his move on continuous inquiry of things was his way of giving a picture of the meaning of life. Without doing so may be equal to life without meaning. On the other hand, Plato--though a student of Socrates--was his own man in terms of philosophical contribution. Particularly, his role in the early foundations of science and Western philosophy is considered to be another one that is essential to the prosperity of the knowledge up to this day. Aristotle, who was Plato’s student, meanwhile had a broad range of focus and dealt largely with the physical sciences. The student-teacher thought may have differed in content but just like Socrates, the central ideologies of the two philosophers have each had their own version of revealing the meaning of life. An example would be Aristotle tackling the concept of end purpose. This school of thought can be taken as the philosopher’s own version of finding an answer for what life’s meaning is--given that finding out ‘why are we here’ and what the purpose of an individual is in the world has been among the pressing questions long been asked since humankind has been intrigued with (Gaarder, 1994). Nevertheless, although Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle could be credited as the pillars of the quest in life’s meaning, this paper considers other philosophers like Immanuel Kant to be the ones

Case 1 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Case 1 paper - Essay Example From the data in Tables A, B, C, E, F, and I, sufficient information was obtained to forecast revenue and cost for the business and for the Coors wholesale business being contemplated. Analysis of the initial customer, the industry demand, projections in market share, investments and costs, including a break-even analysis were conducted. The study concludes that Larry should take the opportunity to apply for the contract, and should not spend more than about $6,800 in availing of information from Manson. The principal problem which this analysis addresses is whether or not Larry Brownlow should apply for the Coors wholesale distributorship for a two-county area in Southern Delaware. The determining criteria for this is will be the fixed and variable cost study and the break-even analysis at the end of discussion, but also considered are the targeted customers, industry demand, market share, investments, and costs incurred. The secondary problem is to determine which research would be source from Manson and Associates to support a decision for the market potential of a Coors beer wholesale distributorship, but at the same time minimize the cost of acquiring this information. The industry demand is arrived at through the per capita approach and the taxes paid approach. The per capita approach involves the calculation of overall consumption in the industry, based on the historical data on the consumption per person and the growth of the target segment of the population that consumes the product. In Table 1 below are shown the US and Delaware per capita (i.e. per head or per person) consumption, while Table 2 shows the growth of the population in the two counties which comprise the market area. By multiplying the rate of consumption per person in Table 1 with the corresponding number of persons estimated in Table 2, then the result (in Table 3) is the estimated total consumption in units. This describes the total industry demand for the

Henry Ford And Fordism Influences Cultural Studies Essay

Henry Ford And Fordism Influences Cultural Studies Essay Management techniques have gone through many different stages and continue to evolve even today. In the early part of the 20th century as well as the high growth periods of the US economy after World War II, Fordism, was in the forefront, as it focused on mass production and mass consumption as a means of expanding the economy. However as the US economy went through slow growth years, this particular system did not work and other management systems took precedence. Yet there are many organisations that continue to use Henry Fords philosophy even in the 21st century. And it is the objective of this research document to study the relevance of the concepts introduced by Henry Ford and the impact and influence it has on 21st century organisations. Literature Reviews: When the transformation from the agricultural age to industrial mass production took place, Henry Ford and his philosophy that consisted of using specialized tools, assembly lines and using non-skilled labour in direct production were able to drive economic growth and expansion at unprecedented levels (Shiomi Wada, 1995). Likewise it was Fords philosophy that was the driving factor behind the automobile industry and this system is still used to a great extent by the automobile industry to date. The automobile industry is still the worlds largest manufacturing industry and even though many of the leading car makers have automated their systems to a great extent and reduced their dependence on labour, they still use the assembly line method with the concepts that were introduced by Henry Ford (Shiomi Wada, 1995). This is not to say that the assembly line method was the brainchild of Henry Ford but rather that the assembly line of today has been greatly influenced by him and has not gone through many major changes in the last seven or eight decades (Gowing, Morris, Adler Gold, 2008). The moving assembly line that we have known through the years and is seen to date even in this age of advanced robotics being used in the automobile industry was introduced by Henry Ford (Laurie, 2000). There are currently a few schools of thought that have been finding it difficult to decide if Fordism has had a direct impact on the current economic system that is not wholly based on mass production and consumption as it was after World War II but rather a more streamlined method that is associated with socio-economic phenomena, that is prevalent in all industrial countries throughout the latter part of the 20th century. While it may not be the same as the Fordism that was seen in the automotive industry during the era of Henry Ford, it is still largely based on the system that was formulated by him. In his system employees worked on a production line and the tasks that they performed were specialized in nature and most importantly it was repetitive. The modern day concept of Fordism centers round the following concepts as opposed to the concepts that were discussed above. These concepts are as follows Production is in small batches rather than mass production Economies of Scope are valued The jobs and the products that are manufactured are all specialized Information Technology is widely used The emphasis is on the consumer rather than the different social classes in a society. Instead of the blue-collar worker of the past we see a number in the rise of the white-collar workers due to this concept. The workforce includes females as opposed to be male dominated like in the past. (Kim, 2002) The above concepts have come into play due to the saturation of the key markets, which worked against the concept of mass consumption. Due to this new concepts the emphasis is on uplifting the living standards, which in turn has changed the manner in which the market is viewed from the manufacturers end (production/manufacturing stand point). Rather than the consumers being seen as a mass market that can be served by one generic type of item, manufacturers began to see the consumers as individuals that made up many different segments of market. Therefore it occurred to the manufacturers that the consumers were better served if they were grouped in to batches and products and services were provided that fit the goals and needs of those specific segments rather than the mass market (Ray Reed, 1994). Therefore the mass market concept that was introduced by Ford has now been narrowed to markets that are specific to luxury items, custom made products and positional goods. Production, which was homogenous in nature at the start of Fordism, is today more focused and therefore is diverse and can be differentiated. Further as stated previously the economies of scale of the Ford era have now evolved into Economies of Scale due to the diversification and differentiation that is taking place in the market place (Raynor, 2004). The changes that have brought about the 21st century organisation, is largely due to factors such as the changing global economic and political landscape and the changes in prominent ideologies. Due to the declines that were seen in national production (that was prevalent in the post war America) for a more globalised production system of the late 80s and 90s, along with the increase of global markets and multi national companies, flexible specialization has replaced the mass markets of the post war era. Commanding the workers to behave in a certain way has now been replaced and management pays more attention to communication rather than ordering as was seen in Fords time. Further the centralized production process of yester year is now replaced by outsourcing, franchising, sub-contracting, part time workers, temporary workers, self employed individuals and work-from home individuals. Besides the economic changes that took place as stated above there have been many political changes that have taken place that has forced the evolution of Fordism (Thomas, 2004). The political changes are mainly the change from the class based political parties (as seen in the United Kingdom and the United States) to the political parties that are based on social movements, gender, race, religion and region. Labour Union influence is today almost non-existent North America and is now replaced by more localized entities that engage in plant based negotiations. Further the rise of an entrepreneurialistic culture has also lead to the evolution of Fordism. Even education today is less standardized as it used to be and become more specialized with the work force seeing a decline in the numbers of individuals opting for blue-collar jobs and rather joining the ranks of the white-collar workers (Lebowitz, 2004). Italy is a very good example of how the concepts of Fordism have evolved over the years. In areas such as Milan, Turin and Genoa, production used to be focused on the concept of mass production for mass consumption, however during the 1970s and later, the clusters of small companies and manufacturing plants started developing in areas such as Tuscany, Umbria and Veneto to name a few. Each of these regions specialized and produced a different set of products that were all very loosely related to one another. Each of the factories often employed workers that numbered between five and fifty (a majority of which were below ten). This is what is called the economies of scope and a far cry from the economies of scale that we saw in the initial stages of Fordism (Williams, 1998). The feature of these manufacturing units was that the product that were manufactured were of high quality and the workers who were employed were highly skilled and highly paid due to the high level of skills. There was deep integration and much involvement between the entrepreneurs, the designers as well as the engineers in each of these plants and the plants themselves were design oriented and multi-disciplinary in nature. Japan is another good example of the evolution of Fordism that took place. After world war II and the destruction of the country, the company structure within the country changed drastically, this caused the trade unions to be replaced with management friendly unions, increased number of individuals who were less specialized and more multi-skilled. Further the company had a pool of part time/temp and unskilled workers for periphery workers (Perkins, 2005). Further due to the trade embargoes that the country was faced with after World War II, the production processes within the country could experiment on the domestic market and when the embargoes were finally lifted and imported technology and processes came into the Japanese market, the production industry was ready to absorb the techniques and better it through philosophies such as TQM (Total Quality Management) etc. Due to the price fixing that was prevalent in the market, competition in the domestic market could only be won by differentiation. Further due to the demand for a wide range of products the country was able to have a wide range of facilities that were flexible and able to changeover and produce a large product line. Therefore instead of standardizing the country had a huge number of factories and plants that were specialized in a wide variety of products. Sub-contracting and supply networks were first born in Japan, which changed the Fordist view that American companies of the time were diligently following. Instead of having costly production machinery, the evolved Fordist concepts were more focused on multi-purpose technologies that were affordable for small and medium scale producers who were flooding the market (Pettibone, 2006). Findings: Even though assembly lines are thought to be a thing of the past and Henry Fords concepts of management are thought to be obsolete, the largest manufacturing industry in the world, which is the automobile industry, still uses the method and the concepts even though it has gone through a few transformations. However the concepts that were introduced by Ford has evolved to a great extent today and is used in companies in many different forms. Analysis: With the two stage transformations that the concepts went through in the last century, Henry Fords concepts are still relevant in the 21st century as they were in the 20th century. While many may argue that his concepts have gone through many different stages of evolution this is not the case. The automobile industry that is still in existence in North America and around the world use many of Fords concepts, and many of the concepts that are in different stages of evolution. Therefore it can be stated that the Automobile industry being the largest manufacturing industry in the world is one of the most important examples of the impact that Fordism has had on the 21st century company. The Automobile industry uses a combination of the mass production and flexible specialization. The flexibility that was introduced into mass production would not have been possible if Ford had not first introduced mass production, therefore even though Fordist concepts maybe hidden and changed beyond recognition over the years, it is apparent that without Fords concepts the foundation for modern day production would not have been built and therefore modern day theorist would not have had much to build on to get to where they are today (Bencivenga, 2002). Therefore it can be concluded, that even though Fordism and Ford himself is often forgotten in our flexible, technology driven, multi-skilled, multi-purpose, positional and customized production era, the influence of Ford and Fordism is very strong and none of this would have been possible without him and his concepts and methods. Conclusion: Based on the huge number of organisations that still eliminate skilled labour in direct production, use special tools and equipment through the assembly line, all go to show that the concepts that were introduced by Henry Ford are still relevant even in the 21st century even though mass production/mass consumption cannot be considered as a economic driver for expansion. Further even in companies that the above is not true, the concepts in place are all concepts that have evolved from Fordism.

The Ostler by Wilkie Collins and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck :: English Literature

The Ostler by Wilkie Collins and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. 'The Ostler' was written by Wilkie Collins (1824-89), a Victorian novelist. Collins' work became popular because he wrote plots that often included mystery, suspense and crime. His stories always had extremely well constructed plots. Collins also reflected the Victorian era's interest in gothic stories. These are stories that contain supernatural or horror themes. Readers at this time enjoyed stories like 'The Ostler' and other work by Wilkie Collins like 'The Moonstone' and 'The Woman in White', although sometimes the events were a little far-fetched and improbable.'The Ostler' supports this, as it is improbable that a hallucination could in fact come to life. John Steinbeck (1902-68) was born in California and used the state as the background to his early stories and novels. Steinbeck, like his characters George and Lennie, had worked on a ranch like the one in 'Of Mice and Men'. He was shocked by the plight of many agricultural workers, whose lives were thrown into disorder during the depression in farming. This occurred in California, during the 1930's. Steinbeck's novella, 'Of Mice and Men' is effective as he was able to describe in depth the emotions that those who worked hard on the land felt. He was able to empathise with his characters, as he had experienced these hardships himself. This means that readers are able to sympathise with the workers far more. The book, at the time, was an extremely successful way to draw attention to a serious issue. Although the book doesn't dictate the rights of workers, nor bombard you with figures, the situation of the men on the ranches is still portrayed effectively. The message still gets across due to Steinbeck's excellent use of the emotions and empathy. Both 'Of Mice and Men' and 'The Ostler' begin with journeys in unpleasant circumstances. In 'The Ostler', the reader first learns of Isaac Scatchard and his 'ill luck'. In fact, Isaac is famous for this and in the story we are told of how Isaac had missed out on another job. Isaac had walked to a large manor house to apply for the job of stable hand. However, Isaac arrived at his destination late at night and thought it best to lodge at an inn. On presenting himself to the gentleman he found that "Only a day before, the stable-helper's place had been given to another man." As Isaac returns to his mother on the long journey home, "The rain came on and the wind began to rise." This is an example of pathetic fallacy. In this case the change in the atmosphere of the text is one towards darkness, of bad and evil.

National and Local Gorevment Policies Essay

As part of the national government incentive to help provide backing and encouragement to practitioners in schools two new funding programmes were introduced by the department for children, schools and families now called ‘The Department for Education’. These two programmes; Every Child A Talker (ECAT) and Social and Emotional Aspects of Development (SEAD). These were launched to increase the skills of early years specialists and were a part of the governments wider pledge to the education workforce department. These packages were designed to address to need for children in school to experience a language rich setting through staff in ensuring that they work successfully with both parents and families. Through SEAD, staff in schools would gain knowledge and understanding to help engage parents more effectively in order for them to be better prepared to support their child’s social and emotional needs. It was the abuse and ultimate death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 which prompted changes in childrens services. The every child matters paper set out a national agenda and plan with the aim of providing more services that were accessible for the needs of children, young people and families which stated that schools and other child care providers must demonstrate ways that they could work towards each of the outcomes. The 5 key aims and intentions were. Read more:Â  Roles and Responsibilities of Local Government for Education Policy and Practice Fiona Mather. Be healthy: Schools needed to play a leading part in health education towards children and young people which included questioning contents of school meals, as well as enabling children to enjoy a good physical and mental health by being part of a healthy lifestyle. Stay safe: A survey among 11~16 year olds in mainstream schools claimed that ‘46% had been a victim of some form of bullying’ (www.education.gov.uk/publications). In order to break these statistics it is vital that pupils feel that they are being protected in schools, in order for schools to do this they must continue to make behaviour management and anti bullying a significant issue. Enjoy and achieve: In order for student to get the most out of life and develop the necessary skills for adulthood children and young people must enjoy their lives and achieve their potential. In order for school to assist with this they must make improvements in failings across different ethnic groups and unauthorised absences that are unacceptable. Contribute: Children and young people need to be involved in their community rather than involve themselves in anti social behaviour. Schools can teach children the ethics of social responsibility and a feeling of ‘belonging’ by providing links to a pupils own community and how they can become part of it. Achieve a good standard of living: Children and young people of parents who are unemployed or existing on low incomes must be encouraged to aspire to a better career and lifestyle for themselves. Schools can develop strategies to enable all students to reach their full potential.

Microwaves Essays - Microwave Oven, Ovens, Microwave, Free Essays

Microwaves Essays - Microwave Oven, Ovens, Microwave, Free Essays Microwaves WARNING ! ! ! ****** BE CAREFUL Microwaving Water To Heat it Up!!! ****** Please be aware of the following information if you or someone you know, is a person that uses a microwave oven to heat water. About five days ago a 26-year old man decided to have a cup of instant coffee. He took a cup of water and put it in the microwave to heat it up (something that he had done numerous times before). I am not sure how long he set the timer for but he said he wanted to bring the water to a boil. When the timer shut the oven off, he removed the cup from the oven. As he looked into the cup he noted that the water was not boiling but instantly the water in the cup blew up into his face. The cup remained intact until he threw it out of his hand, but all the water had flown out into his face due to the buildup of energy. His whole face is blistered and he has 1st and 2nd degree burns to his face, which may leave scarring. He also may have lost partial sight in his left eye. While at the hospital, the doctor who was attending to him stated that this a fairly common occurrence and water (alone) should never be heated in a microwave oven. If water is heated in this manner, something should be placed in the cup to diffuse the energy, such as a wooden stir stick, tea bag (without the metal staple), etc. It is, however, a much safer choice to boil the water in a teakettle. Please pass this information on to friends and family. Take care, all!

Biography Bill Clinton †The 42nd President

Biography Bill Clinton – The 42nd President Free Online Research Papers Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, was born William Jefferson the III on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. His father died in a traffic accident three months before he was born. When he was four years old, his mother married Roger Clinton. Bill took the Clinton family name at the age of 14. Bill Clinton was a great student and saxophone player, and once thought about becoming a professional musician. In high school, he was a delegate to Boys Nation and met President John Kennedy in the White House Rose Garden. When he met John Kennedy it made him want to pursue a life in public services. Clinton graduated from Georgetown University, and then in 1968, won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University. After earning a law degree from Yale University in 1973, he entered politics in Arkansas. He was defeated in his 1974 campaign for Congress in Arkansas. The next year he married Hillary Rodham, a graduate of Wellesley College and Yale Law School. Clinton was elected Arkansas Attorney General in 1976, and then went on to become governor in 1978. Elected to office at the age of 32, he was the youngest governor in the country. He lost a bid for a second term, but was re-elected four years later. He served as governor of Arkansas until he defeated President George Bush in the 1992 presidential race. His running mate was Tennessee Senator Al Gore, Jr. Clinton became the third youngest president in history, following Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. He went on to serve two terms (1993 2001). In 1998, Clinton was impeached because of aligations of sexual indiscretion with a young female White House intern. He was the second U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives. He was tried in the Senate and found not guilty of the charges brought against him. He apologized to the nation and continued to have astounding approval ratings as president, even though many Americans questioned his morals. During Clintons presidency, the nation enjoyed more peace and economic security than at any other time in its history, the lowest unemployment rate in recent history, the lowest inflation in 30 years and the highest home ownership in the nations history. Crime rates also dropped in many cities and unemployment rolls were reduced. During his administration, he proposed the first balanced budget in years and achieved a budget surplus. As part of a plan to celebrate the millennium in 2000, he called for a national initiative to end racial discrimination. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He founded the William J. Clinton Foundation, which promotes international causes, such as treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2004, he released his autobiography, My Life. Clinton currently resides in New York with his wife, Hillary, Who is now running to be the First Women President of the United States of America! They have one daughter, Chelsea, who was born in 1980. Research Papers on Biography Bill Clinton - The 42nd PresidentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West MeetThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Schools Competency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schools Competency - Essay Example It is a pervasive perception that test scores do indeed stand to be the viable indicators as to the quality of education and teaching in a school. However, in a pragmatic context, evaluating the competency of a school merely on the bases of test scores is not only a narrow approach towards gauging the quality of education in a school, but is also a belief that happens to be utterly counterproductive. Â  Tests tend to predict the academic performance of the students in a school under a standardized test environment and format. The thing that needs to be understood is that performing in a test happens to be a skill in itself and not all students happen to be good at evincing the right responses in a test, irrespective of the fact that many of them actually happen to be conversant with the academic discipline on which they are being evaluated (Corwin & Schneider, 2005). Tests are mostly conducted in an environment that happens to be loaded with stress and tension, and it is practical t o expect that not all students may be able to cope up with such a format. Hence test scores actually depict as to how good a school is at preparing its students to perform in a test, rather than reflecting on a school’s ability to impart knowledge. Â  The other thing is that tests tend to ascertain mainly the academic provenance of the students in a school and that too in a very narrow context. Tests do happen to ignore the varied salient aspects of education like imagination, creativity, proficiency in social skills, leadership ability.

Global Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Poverty - Essay Example The imbalanced use of earth resources in an unsustainable manner is another major threat for the future generations’ survival. It is therefore important to analysis these issues in-depth and provide unique solutions. This paper discusses some of the cause and recommends the solutions to fight global poverty. (# of words = 142) 5. According to UNICEF, 30,000 children die each day due to poverty. And they â€Å"die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the conscience of the world. Being meek and weak in life makes these dying multitudes even more invisible in death.† That is about 210,000 children each week or just under 11 million children under five years of age, each year (Shah, 2005). 6. â€Å"Today, across the world, 1.3 billion people live on less than one dollar a day; 3 billion live on under two dollars a day; 1.3 billion have no access to clean water; 3 billion have no access to sanitation; 2 billion have no access to electricity.† (Shah, 2005) 7. 1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the world). 640 million live without adequate shelter, 400 million have no access to safe water, and 270 million have no access to health services. 10.6 million died in 2003 before they reached the age of 5 (Shah, 2005). 3. Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. The term typically refers to inequality among individuals and groups within a society, but can also refer to inequality among nations. 4. Hunger: The term is commonly used more broadly to refer to cases of widespread malnutrition or deprivation among populations, usually due to poverty, political conflicts or instability, or adverse agricultural conditions (famine). 5. Malnutrition: It is a general term for the medical condition in a person caused by an unbalanced diet—either too little or too much food, or a diet missing one or more important nutrients (Wikipedia,

Research Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Study - Assignment Example It was found that segmentation depends on a number of factors ranging from age, sexual orientation, education to even age. The benefits also spread far and wide from helping in identification of the most and least profitable customers, enabling grouping of consumers by factors like type and size of organization, category and lifestyle of consumers, geographical location, attitudes and behavior, enhancing customer service, helping a business build loyal relationships and so forth. Successful segmentation research, it was found, minimizes the number of segments only giving rise to a small number of big segments. Good research will enable classification of these groups through economic data and other essential information on how these segments change and develop over time. Both Bloomindale and Nordstrom offer high quality products and services though Nordstrom also serves customers of more modest means. Nordstrom Inc. is an upmarket American fashion department store, founded by Carl F. Wallin and John W. Nordstrom currently having its headquarters in Washington’s Seattle. Shoe retail was the company’s beginning and has since grown their catalog to incorporate cosmetics, clothing fragrances, accessories, jewelry and handbags. Some select Nordstrom stores also stock home furnishing and wedding sections. Asof March 16, 2012 it had 225 stores in the United States stores situated in 30 states. There about 245 stores effective in 35 states, which include about 140 Nordstrom Racks and approximately117 Full-Line stores. As of the year 2012, it is the 5th largest department store company in the U.S. by retail sales and the thirty-fourth largest Store in the US in 2013 in terms of revenue. Presently, Nordstrom has distribution centers in, Maryland, California, Oregon, Gainesville, Iowa, Ontario, Upper Marlboro, Dubuque, Florida and Portland (Businessweek.com.

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay In â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line† Andrew Braaksma writes about his experiences working for factories during his summer breaks and his education. His experiences let him realizes that he works so hard and get little pay. It’s totally different from his college life. So he appreciates his education. I agree with what Andrew Braaksma says about how college life is different from the â€Å"real world†. Have you already prepared to the real world? Andrew Braaksma is a college student. He compares and contrasts two aspects of his life: working at assembly line as a blue-collar during summer vacations and being a college student. He worked in the factories surrounding his hometown for two reasons: got overtime pay and saved money because lived at home is cheaper than campus.â€Å"Aftera particularly exhausting string of 12-hour days at a plastics factory,† Andrew Braaksma, as college student who has never been out in the real world, realized that college was better than the work he was doing. His life in college was relatively easy: he slept late; he was able to spend time studying. He also had time to relax with his friends. So he couldn’t wait for school to start again. I feel the same way with Andrew Braaksma. I couldn’t imagine my life in the real work before I graduated from college. During I went to college in 80’s in China, I wish I can get a job as soon as possible. While I was working at a TV factory as engineer,I saw many younger workers who worked there 16 hours a day for many years had no holiday and vacation because they had no education, and some didn’t finish high school. It was also very stressful for theworkers because they knew their job could disappear overnight for outsources. It’s really a dog eat dog world. Working in the assembly line caused Andrew to reflect on how fortunate he really was. This helped him appreciated his education. Those people without a proper education are often forced to take unstable and low pay jobs in order to support themselves and their families. However, poverty and backwardness of my hometown let me want to change lives through higher education. I realize that my education is more important when it comes to searching for a job for a long period of time.

Analysis of Classical Economist Theories

Analysis of Classical Economist Theories Yashwardhan Banthia â€Å"Do the classical economists constitute a coherent school of thought in the history of economics, or are they rather a loose grouping of writers whose differences are more salient than what they have in common?† Abstract This paper will discuss the analysis of capital accumulation, income distribution and technological progress expounded by major classical economists, David Ricardo, Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Detailed arguments on Smith’s views on division of labor, Ricardo’s investigation of using the labor theory to replace machines and Marx’s theories of capitalism and his version of Ricardo’s analysis will be explained. It will finally be concluded that classical economists constitute a coherent school of thought, whose philosophies are more similar than different. Introduction The classical school of thought has always placed a great amount of emphasis on the analysis of economic growth. The question asks the reader whether the theories and philosophies of the classical writers were logical and consistent with regard to the economic behavior, or if they were simply writers whose ideas were rather dissimilar to that of their compatriots. The paper would critically discuss the ideologies and theories implemented by classical economists, with particular focus on the effect of the various forms of technological change that have major insinuations on the income distribution amongst rent, wages and profits. The components of this paper are as follows: Section 2 highlights Adam Smith’s approach to this issue of technological change where the argument pivots around his views on division of labor and its components. Section 3 reviews David Ricardo’s definition of the labor theory of value and his response to technical change which would feature chapter XXXI, â€Å"On Machinery†, which is newly added as seen in the third edition of the Principles. Section 4 studies the views of Karl Marx, where his hypothesis on the â€Å"organic composition of capital† is examined closely in relation to the theory proposed by Ricardo. The sections are not just limited to these specific writers, other classical economists are discussed in the capacity of the aforesaid philosophies as and where applicable. Following this is a final section that concludes. Adam Smith – Division of labor At the very beginning of The Wealth of Nations, Smith, in his â€Å"Introduction and Plan of Work† maintains that a nation’s social product (taking into account the social product minus the workers’ consumption) is measured by â€Å"the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which the labor is generally applied†. A primitive feature of his study, Smith considers an investigation of the reasons due to which the productivity of workers would increase (Smith, WN I.3-4). Smith’s perception of the concept of division of labor was extremely wide; it covered many characteristics and varying forms of technological change. Principally although, Smith accredited the division of labor to the influence of three essential elements that led to an increase in productivity. Firstly, specialization helped workers hone their skills and become defter as a result. Secondly, a lot time is saved as there is no shift from one activity to another and there is better utilization of resources. Lastly, arduous and complex labor processes would be replaced by powerful machines through innovation, i.e., replacing labor with machines. A careful study of Smith’s analysis of division of labor further clarifies Smith’s ideas as can be seen in the first three chapters of the first book of The Wealth of Nations. In chapter one for instance, Smith distinctly conveys how effective a device, division of labor is in terms of increasing productivity. He then goes on to say in chapter two, that it is a natural human tendency â€Å"to truck, barter and exchange one thing for another†, which appear to be entrenched in â€Å"faculties of reason and speech†, which further provides justification to division of labor (Smith, WN I.ii.1-2). The argument is then completed in chapter three where Smith emphasizes the fact that the market limits the division of labor: a larger division of labor is generated by a larger market and thus, larger productivity is generated between firms as a result. While the markets are expanded by accumulation of capital, Smith’s study emphasizes on the determinants of th e latter. Consequently, there has been a lot of debate on whether Smith’s views on division of labor, income distribution and his analysis of accumulation were ‘consistent’. I believe that technological progress was not viewed by Smith as boon, which was indisputably valuable to all classes of society. However, sections three and four would discuss Ricardo and Marx, and their views and criticisms on elements of Smith’s theories. David Ricardo – Labor theory of value and technological changes Before we discuss Ricardo’s views on the implications of technological change and its effects on income distribution and capital accumulation, his â€Å"fundamental law of income distribution† must first be defined; an inverse correlation between wages and the general rate of profit. He said that the rate of profits would be smaller if a large proportion of what the labor produces is given to him and vice-versa (Ricardo, Works VIII: 194). He was certain of the fact that technological change was an integral component in terms of the developing the modern society and that different effects would be experienced as a result of different forms of change. He was the first economist to have officially defined labor theory of value and thus, his work was considered to be the turning point in the history of the classical school of thought. This is because he reflected upon numerous scenarios in order to arrive at a broad range of consequences that could be an aftermath of technological change. He argued on one particular case regarding a production unit that was completely automated and rightly pointed out that in a case where all the work is done by machinery, there will be no demand for labor. Furthermore, he discussed that nobody despite capitalists would be able to consume commodities or even buy or rent a machine. (Ricardo, Works VIII: 399-400). Surprisingly, the most important technological change commonly associated with Ricardo is however, the problem of â€Å"machinery†. He further went on to assert that the introduction of new machines into the system of production can finally lead a redundancy of workers. This was later defined as â€Å"technological unemployment† Following this, Ricardo withdraws his previous views on machinery in his third edition of the Principles, 1821, in which he states that â€Å"the application of machinery to any branch of production, as should have the effect of saving labor, was a general good, accompanied only with that portion of inconvenience which in most cases attends the removal of capital and labor from one employment to another† (Ricardo, Works I: 386). Ricardo was however convinced that Say’s law, could not in every case, avert the redundancy of workers (Ricardo, Works I: 290). He the rightly corrected himself by stating that he was convinced that using machinery in place of labor was â€Å"injurious† to the interests of the labors.(Ricardo, Works I: 388). On the contrary, I strongly support his idea that it is possible without reducing profits, that advanced and improved machines reduced the amount of labor required for production purposes. Labor productivity would increase however as the machines decrease â€Å"the sacrifice of labor† (Ricardo, Works IV: 397). However, on a final note on Ricardo, it must be mentioned that Ricardo, as a classical economist had a very deep understanding regarding of labor theory of value. Marx’s version of this idea would be discussed next. Karl Marx – Capitalism and labor theory of value Marx adopted Ricardo’s labor theory of value and inculcated some changes of his own. He extended Ricardo’s theory by defining value to be the product of â€Å"all socially expended labor† which was needed, thus suggesting that apart from direct labor, labor used by to create the product was likewise factored into value. Marx reserved special praise for Ricardo’s â€Å"scientific impartiality and love of truth† (Marx 1954: 412) and the â€Å"honesty which so essentially distinguishes him from vulgar economists† (Marx 1969: 555). On closer inspection, it can be observed in Marx’s volume III of Capital, part three specifically, where he appraises Ricardo’s views on effects of technological change and the labor theory. In such a way, this problem of technological change was Marx’s attention of focus of attention in his scrutiny of capitalism. However, Marx insisted that this problem must be examined regularly within the framework of a â€Å"circular flow of production† as he had established in his second volume of Capital. Furthermore, Marx view was that every stage and line of production required â€Å"constant capital†. The important underlying implication is that maximum level of profit in such a system would be finite. These levels of profit would be determined by what Marx coined as â€Å"the organic composition of capital† and would have an upper limit. His study led him to the conclusion that if this â€Å"organic composition of capital† falls (rises) during the time period where there is capital accumulation and changes in technology whilst assuming that wages remain constant, then, it must follow that that the actual rate of profit will fall. As a reader, I am almost compelled to think that Ricardo’s views and ideas have had a strong impact on Marx, as is exhibited by his statements. Likewise, Marx inspected Ricardo’s theories with utmost care, correcting the latter’s theories in some cases, but most evidently absorbing what he reflected to be thorough into his framework. For instance, Marx asserted that when the organic composition of capital rises, it is inevitably the case that the general rate of profits may fall given the fact that the surplus value would be constant, which is contrary to Ricardo’s principle. Another such example could be Marx’s â€Å"relative over-population† theory (Marx 1959: 249-251) or a â€Å"reserve army of the unemployed†. Marx proclaims that the redundant workers cannot be expected to be hired back by factories that utilize machines because of the labor saving trait of the machines. A downward pressure is thus exerted by this reserve army. To Marx and capitalism, what mattered is not â€Å"saving in living labor in general†, however â€Å"a saving in the paid portion of living labor† (Marx 1959:262). The evidence is unmistakable; I believe that it serves to show how intricately close the writings of Ricardo and Marx were: also the fact that Marx was coherent in exhibiting his theories, and comprehensive in portraying his thoughts which has served its purpose in the history of economic thought. Conclusion This essay shows how major classical economists consist of a coherent school of thought through their philosophies and theories that still continue to serve as a basis on which more modern models and theories have been established. This paper shows how major classical economists tackled the issue of technological change that contributed to the growth of a capitalist economy. The three economists, namely Smith, Ricardo and Marx place a lot of attention on the impact of accumulation of capital and technological change on profits. It is interesting to note that although they arrive at a conclusion that the general rate of profit would fall, their arguments which back up that claim differs in important characteristics. The essay is however limited to evaluating a hypothetical situation of one-good economies that are not well suited to examine the intricacies at hand. Nevertheless, it is distinctive that all these writers have, in their own capacities, contributed to explaining the dynamisms of a capitalist economy and the need to increase labor productivity. The argument can be concluded by supporting the claim that these writers constituted of a coherent school of thought whose theories and ideas were more similar to each other and it isn’t the case that their differences were more noticeable than what they had in common. Bibliography and references Bhaduri, A. and Harris, D.1987. The complex dynamics of the simple Ricardian system. Quarterly Journal of Economics102,893–902. Dmitriev, V.K. 1974. Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility, English translation of a collection of Dmitriev’s essays published in 1904 in Russion, edited by M.D. Nuti, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Originally published in 1898) Eltis, W. 1984. The Classical Theory of Economic Growth, London: Macmillan Garegnani, P. 1987. â€Å"Surplus Approach to Value and Distribution†, The New Palgrave. A Dictionary of Economics, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman, vol. 4, London: Macmillan, pp. 560-74. Glyn, A.2006. Will Marx be proved right?Oxonomics1,13–6. Hicks, J. 1969. A Theory of Economic History, Oxford: Claerendon Marx, K. 1954. Capital, vol. I, Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx, K. 1959. Capital, vol. II, Moscow: Progress Publishers Marx, K. 1969. Theories of Surplus Value, vol. 2, Moscow: Progress Publishers. Marx, K. 1971. Theories of Surplus Value, vol. 3, Moscow: Progress Publishers. Ricardo, D. 1951-73. The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, 11 volumes, edited by Piero Sraffa with the collaboration of Maurice H. Dobb, Cambridge: Cambridge University press. In the essay his volumes are referred as Works, volume number: page number. Schefold, B. 1976. â€Å"Different Forms of Technical Progress†, Economic Journal, 86: 806-19 Smith, A. 1976. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, two vols. In The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stigler, G.1958. Ricardo and the 93% labor theory of value.American Economic Review 48,357–67. Sweezy, P.1942.The Theory of Capitalist Development.New York:Monthly Review Press. 1